Chapter #38: IDENTIFCATIONS
Robert F. Kennedy- He was the little brother of JFK. He was an aspiring civil rights activist but he too was killed.
Robert S. McNamara- He was the head of the Department of Defense under JFK
Martin Luther King, Jr- He was a civil rights activist who advocated for peaceful resistance.
Lee Harvey Oswald- He shot Kennedy on November 22, 1963
Barry Goldwater- He was a Republican senator from Arizona. Republican nominee for president in the election of 1964. He ran against Lyndon B. Johnson and lost .
Malcolm X- He was a Civil Rights activist who opposed MLKJ's peaceful resistance strategy.
Stokely Carmichael- A civil rights activist who was the leader of the SNCC.
Eugene McCarthy- A Democratic senator from Minnesota and the nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Hubert H. Humphrey- Johnson's VP and the democratic nominee in the election of 1968.
George Wallace- American party nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Flexible Response- Kennedy's foreign policy for any problems in order to avoid the use of nuclear weapons.
Credibility Gap- Gap between the people and government becacuse of the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War.
New Frontier- Kennedy's program in the early 1960's.
Peace Corps- An army of d youth volunteers to bring American skills to underdeveloped countries.
Alliance of Progress- a Marshall Plan for Latin America. It suggested Kennedy to help the citizens close the gap between the rich and the poor and to calm the fear of the reds.
Bay of Pigs Invasion- Kennedy sent Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs to invade and it became a disaster and Kennedy withdrew air support.
Cuban Missile Crisis- The U.S.S.R. was constructing missile launching sites in Cuba. President Kennedy delivered a public ultimatum to the U.S.S.R which led them to back down and the U.S. promised not to overthrow the Cuban government.
Great Society- LBJ's policy. It reflected New Deal inspirations
Tonkin Gulf Resolution-It was a confrontation between North Vietnam and America. A sea battle between the US destroyer USS Maddox and 3 north Viets torpedo boats ensued.
Civil Right Act of 1964- It gave the government more power to enforce desegregation in schools and public places.
Voting Rights Act- It outlawed literacy tests so making voting equal for all people.
Tet Offensive- When Viet Cong attacked the south on Vietnam's New Year's day
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover,Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
They were new programs introduced by President Kennedy in the early 1960's. He proposed the Peace Corps
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
JFK expanded the House Rules Committee, but his program didn't expand quickly, as medical and education bills remained stalled in Congress. JFK also had to keep a lid on inflation and maintain a good economy.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
Western Europe prospered after it received aid under the Marshall Plan. America had also encouraged a Common Market which resulted in the formation of the European Union.
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the Defense Secretary McNamara pushed a strategy of “flexible response,” which developed an array of military options that could match the gravity of whatever crises came to hand. One of these was the Green Berets, AKA, the “Special Forces”.
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
The American-backed Diem government had shakily and corruptly ruled
Vietnam since 1954, but it was threatened by the communist Viet Cong
movement led by Ho Chi Minh.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
When the Bay of Pigs Invasion occurred & failed, Kennedy did not bring in the air support, and the revolt failed. This pushed recently imposed Cuban leader Fidel Castro closer to the communist camp. At the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy was victorious as the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
In the 1960s, groups of Freedom Riders rode buses throughout the South to try to end segregation, but white mobs often reacted violently towards them. This forced Kennedy to fight in defense of the Civil Rights.
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?
there was much controversy and scandal and conspiracy in the assassination. It was only after Kennedy’s death that America realized what a charismatic, energetic, and vibrant president they had lost.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
As a president, LBJ went from conservative to liberal, helping pass a Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned all racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants.Also created was the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which was aimed at eliminating discriminatory hiring.
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Johnson was opposed by Republican Arizona senator Barry Goldwater who attacked many aspects of Johnson's presidency such as, the federal income tax, the Social Security system, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society.
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Johnson created the Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), headed by Robert C. Weaver, the first black cabinet secretary in the US history. In 1965, new programs called Medicare and Medicaid were installed,
which gave certain rights to the elderly and the needy in terms of medicine and health maintenance.The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the “national origin” quota and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. annually, up to 290,000.An antipoverty program called Project Head Start improved the
performance of the underprivileged in education. It was “pre-school” for the poor.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
Johnson’s Voting Rights Act of 1965 attacked racial discrimination at the polls by outlawing literacy tests and sending voting registrars to the polls. The 24th Amendment eliminated poll taxes, and in the "freedom summer" of 1964, both blacks and white students joined to combat discrimination and racism.
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Black riots sprung up around the US. Pro violence leaders such as Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, and Stoklely Carmichael advocated for the use of violence.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
Johnson sent more Americans to South Vietnam to fight the Guerrilla Warfare
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
In Vietnam, though, more U.S. men to fight the war, and the South Vietnamese became spectators in their own war. meanwhile, more and more Americans died.
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
Johnson also saw a challenge for the Democratic ticket from Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy, and the nation, as well as the Democratic party, was starting to be split by Vietnam.
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was killed, and the Democratic ticket went to Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's "heir." The Republicans responded with Richard Nixon, with Spiro Agnew as the vice presidential candidate.
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
Nixon wasn't expecting to be chosen as president.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
He had committed Americans into Vietnam with noble intentions, and he really wasn't a bad guy, but he was stuck in a time when he was damned if he did and damned if he didn't.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
In the 60s, the youth of America experimented with sex, drugs, and defiance.They protested against conventional wisdom, authority, and traditional beliefs.Poets like Allen Ginsberg and novelists like Jack Kerouac (who wrote On the Road) voiced these opinions of the Beatnik generation. Movies like The Wild One with Marlon Brando and Rebel without a Cause starring James Dean also showed this belief. Essentially, they championed the “ne’er-do-well” and the outcast.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
It was constructive. Great leaps were made in the Civil Rights Movements and improved a lot of lives.
Robert F. Kennedy- He was the little brother of JFK. He was an aspiring civil rights activist but he too was killed.
Robert S. McNamara- He was the head of the Department of Defense under JFK
Martin Luther King, Jr- He was a civil rights activist who advocated for peaceful resistance.
Lee Harvey Oswald- He shot Kennedy on November 22, 1963
Barry Goldwater- He was a Republican senator from Arizona. Republican nominee for president in the election of 1964. He ran against Lyndon B. Johnson and lost .
Malcolm X- He was a Civil Rights activist who opposed MLKJ's peaceful resistance strategy.
Stokely Carmichael- A civil rights activist who was the leader of the SNCC.
Eugene McCarthy- A Democratic senator from Minnesota and the nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Hubert H. Humphrey- Johnson's VP and the democratic nominee in the election of 1968.
George Wallace- American party nominee for presidency in the election of 1968.
Flexible Response- Kennedy's foreign policy for any problems in order to avoid the use of nuclear weapons.
Credibility Gap- Gap between the people and government becacuse of the Watergate scandal and the Vietnam War.
New Frontier- Kennedy's program in the early 1960's.
Peace Corps- An army of d youth volunteers to bring American skills to underdeveloped countries.
Alliance of Progress- a Marshall Plan for Latin America. It suggested Kennedy to help the citizens close the gap between the rich and the poor and to calm the fear of the reds.
Bay of Pigs Invasion- Kennedy sent Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs to invade and it became a disaster and Kennedy withdrew air support.
Cuban Missile Crisis- The U.S.S.R. was constructing missile launching sites in Cuba. President Kennedy delivered a public ultimatum to the U.S.S.R which led them to back down and the U.S. promised not to overthrow the Cuban government.
Great Society- LBJ's policy. It reflected New Deal inspirations
Tonkin Gulf Resolution-It was a confrontation between North Vietnam and America. A sea battle between the US destroyer USS Maddox and 3 north Viets torpedo boats ensued.
Civil Right Act of 1964- It gave the government more power to enforce desegregation in schools and public places.
Voting Rights Act- It outlawed literacy tests so making voting equal for all people.
Tet Offensive- When Viet Cong attacked the south on Vietnam's New Year's day
Chapter #38 Guided Reading Questions
Kennedy's "New Frontier" Spirit
Know: John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Bobby Kennedy, J. Edgar Hoover,Robert McNamara, Peace Corps
1. What was new about the New Frontier?
They were new programs introduced by President Kennedy in the early 1960's. He proposed the Peace Corps
The New Frontier at Home
2. Assess the effectiveness of New Frontier domestic policies.
JFK expanded the House Rules Committee, but his program didn't expand quickly, as medical and education bills remained stalled in Congress. JFK also had to keep a lid on inflation and maintain a good economy.
Rumblings in Europe
Know: Berlin Wall, Common Market, Trade Expansion Act, Charles de Gaulle
3. Describe Kennedy's relationship with Western Europe.
Western Europe prospered after it received aid under the Marshall Plan. America had also encouraged a Common Market which resulted in the formation of the European Union.
Foreign Flare-ups and "Flexible Response"
Know: Congo, Laos, Robert McNamara, Flexible Response
4. Why did Kennedy believe that a policy of flexible response could better meet the Defense Secretary McNamara pushed a strategy of “flexible response,” which developed an array of military options that could match the gravity of whatever crises came to hand. One of these was the Green Berets, AKA, the “Special Forces”.
Stepping into the Vietnam Quagmire
Know: Ngo Dinh Diem, Viet Cong
5. Why was it difficult to use flexible response to deal with the situation in South Vietnam?
The American-backed Diem government had shakily and corruptly ruled
Vietnam since 1954, but it was threatened by the communist Viet Cong
movement led by Ho Chi Minh.
Cuban Confrontations
Know: Alliance for Progress, Fidel Castro, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nikita Khrushchev, Quarantine, Hot Line
6. How could Cuba be considered the low and the high of Kennedy's foreign policy?
When the Bay of Pigs Invasion occurred & failed, Kennedy did not bring in the air support, and the revolt failed. This pushed recently imposed Cuban leader Fidel Castro closer to the communist camp. At the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy was victorious as the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles.
The Struggle for Civil Rights
Know: Freedom Riders, Martin Luther King Jr., SNCC, James Meredith, Birmingham, March on Washington, "I Have a Dream," Medgar Evers
7. Were Kennedy's civil rights actions more the cause of events or a reaction to events in the civil rights movement?
In the 1960s, groups of Freedom Riders rode buses throughout the South to try to end segregation, but white mobs often reacted violently towards them. This forced Kennedy to fight in defense of the Civil Rights.
The Killing of Kennedy
Know: Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby, Warren Commission
8. What was the reaction to Kennedy's assassination? Why?
there was much controversy and scandal and conspiracy in the assassination. It was only after Kennedy’s death that America realized what a charismatic, energetic, and vibrant president they had lost.
The LBJ Brand on the Presidency
Know: Lyndon Baines Johnson, The Johnson Treatment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Affirmative Action, War on Poverty, Great Society, The Other America
9. Did Johnson provide good leadership to the country in his first term? Explain.
As a president, LBJ went from conservative to liberal, helping pass a Civil Rights Act of 1964, which banned all racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public, including theaters, hospitals, and restaurants.Also created was the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which was aimed at eliminating discriminatory hiring.
Johnson Battles Goldwater in 1964
Know: Barry Goldwater, Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
10. Your book says that the 1964 election was a contest between distinctly different political philosophies. Explain this idea?
Johnson was opposed by Republican Arizona senator Barry Goldwater who attacked many aspects of Johnson's presidency such as, the federal income tax, the Social Security system, the Tennessee Valley Authority, civil rights legislation, the nuclear test-ban treaty, and the Great Society.
The Great Society Congress
Know: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Medicare, Medicaid, Entitlements, Immigration and Nationality Act, Head Start
11. In what ways could it be said that 1964-68 marked some of the most liberal years for government in American history?
Johnson created the Department of Transportation and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), headed by Robert C. Weaver, the first black cabinet secretary in the US history. In 1965, new programs called Medicare and Medicaid were installed,
which gave certain rights to the elderly and the needy in terms of medicine and health maintenance.The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the “national origin” quota and doubled the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. annually, up to 290,000.An antipoverty program called Project Head Start improved the
performance of the underprivileged in education. It was “pre-school” for the poor.
Battling for Black Rights
Know: Voting Rights Act of 1965, The Twenty-fourth Amendment, Freedom Summer, Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, Selma
12. What forward steps toward voting for African-Americans were made in the mid-1960s?
Johnson’s Voting Rights Act of 1965 attacked racial discrimination at the polls by outlawing literacy tests and sending voting registrars to the polls. The 24th Amendment eliminated poll taxes, and in the "freedom summer" of 1964, both blacks and white students joined to combat discrimination and racism.
Black Power
Know: Watts, Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael
13. Why did African-Americans turn from non-violence in the late 1960s?
Black riots sprung up around the US. Pro violence leaders such as Malcolm X, Elijah Muhammed, and Stoklely Carmichael advocated for the use of violence.
Combating Communism in Two Hemispheres
Know: Operation Rolling Thunder, Guerrilla Warfare
14. Why did President Johnson increase America's military presence in Vietnam?
Johnson sent more Americans to South Vietnam to fight the Guerrilla Warfare
Vietnam Vexations
Know: Six-Day War, Teach-ins, William Fulbright, Credibility Gap, Cointelpro
15. Describe the negative consequences of the Vietnam War.
In Vietnam, though, more U.S. men to fight the war, and the South Vietnamese became spectators in their own war. meanwhile, more and more Americans died.
Vietnam Topples Johnson
Know: Tet Offensive, Eugene McCarthy
16. Why did President Johnson decide not to run for re-election in 1968?
Johnson also saw a challenge for the Democratic ticket from Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy, and the nation, as well as the Democratic party, was starting to be split by Vietnam.
The Presidential Sweepstakes of 1968
Know: Hubert Humphrey, Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, Richard Nixon, George Wallace
17. Why was the 1968 presidential election an interesting one?
On June 5, 1968, Robert Kennedy was killed, and the Democratic ticket went to Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's "heir." The Republicans responded with Richard Nixon, with Spiro Agnew as the vice presidential candidate.
Victory for Nixon
18. "Nixon had received no clear mandate to do anything [in the 1968 election]." Explain.
Nixon wasn't expecting to be chosen as president.
The Obituary of Lyndon Johnson
19. It could be said that few presidents were as great a success or as great a failure as Lyndon Johnson. Assess.
He had committed Americans into Vietnam with noble intentions, and he really wasn't a bad guy, but he was stuck in a time when he was damned if he did and damned if he didn't.
The Cultural Upheaval of the 1960s
Know: Berkeley, Sexual Revolution, Stonewall Inn, Students for a Democratic Society, LSD
20. Why did a 1960s counterculture develop and how was it expressed?
In the 60s, the youth of America experimented with sex, drugs, and defiance.They protested against conventional wisdom, authority, and traditional beliefs.Poets like Allen Ginsberg and novelists like Jack Kerouac (who wrote On the Road) voiced these opinions of the Beatnik generation. Movies like The Wild One with Marlon Brando and Rebel without a Cause starring James Dean also showed this belief. Essentially, they championed the “ne’er-do-well” and the outcast.
Varying Viewpoints: The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive?
21. How do you answer the question in the title of this section? Explain.
It was constructive. Great leaps were made in the Civil Rights Movements and improved a lot of lives.