Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS
Nuremburg Trials
The Nuremburg Trials are a series of court proceedings that were held in Nuremberg, Germany after World War II. The Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of war rules and humanity crimes.
Cordell Hull
Secretary of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He had a part in passing the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934.
Winston Churchill
He was the Prime Minister of Great Britain who was at the Atlantic Charter with FDR.
Charles Lindbergh
He was part of the America First Committee who was for isolationism during the aerial Battle of Britain.
Good Neighbor Policy
The Good Neighbor Policy is FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force showing that it was content with regional power, not a world one.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
reversed the traditional high-tariff policy that had damaged America before and paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system after WWII
Rome-Berlin Axis
In 1936, Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini allied themselves to create this.
Nye Committee
Formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufactures were pro-war that existed for the sole purpose of making money and profits.
Neutrality Acts
stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact
a pact between USSR and Germany that said Germany can invade Poland and the USSR had to go along with it.
"cash and carry"
Europeans had to provide their own ships and pay for the arms in cash even though the European powers need American supplies, the Neutrality Acts forbade Americans to sale arms to a nation in war so "cash and carry" was created.
America First Committee
It was a group that believed in being isolated from the war.
Lend-Lease Act
The Lend-Lease Act allowed America to sell, lend, or lease arms to any nation considered as a defense to the U.S. But after the war is over, they would have to return the weapons.
Atlantic Charter
This was the result of the Atlantic Charter between FDR and Churchill and suggested Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS
A. Philip Randolph
African american civil rights leader who founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Cart porters
George S. Patton
He is a US General who brought the us to victory during the Battle of the Bulge.
Albert Einstein
He was a German theoretical physicists who developed the general theory of relativity.
Office of Price Administration
Took care of food prices if they went too high.
Fair Employment Practice Commission
this was created to discourage racism and oppression in work places.
D-Day
June 6, 1944- When the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin) decided to attack Normandy, France at the same time to free the French
V-E Day
May 8, 1945 was known as Victory in Europe Day when the Germans officially surrendered.
Manhattan Project
This was the code name in making the first Atomic Bomb during WWII
Braceros
Brought Mexican workers to American as resident workers during WWII.
Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
Holding the Homefront
7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
9. Why was Midway an important battle?
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
Nuremburg Trials
The Nuremburg Trials are a series of court proceedings that were held in Nuremberg, Germany after World War II. The Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of war rules and humanity crimes.
Cordell Hull
Secretary of State under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He had a part in passing the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in 1934.
Winston Churchill
He was the Prime Minister of Great Britain who was at the Atlantic Charter with FDR.
Charles Lindbergh
He was part of the America First Committee who was for isolationism during the aerial Battle of Britain.
Good Neighbor Policy
The Good Neighbor Policy is FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations with Latin America by using economic influence rather than military force showing that it was content with regional power, not a world one.
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act
reversed the traditional high-tariff policy that had damaged America before and paved the way for the American-led free-trade international economic system after WWII
Rome-Berlin Axis
In 1936, Nazi Hitler and Fascist Mussolini allied themselves to create this.
Nye Committee
Formed to investigate whether or not munitions manufactures were pro-war that existed for the sole purpose of making money and profits.
Neutrality Acts
stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent, or make loans to a belligerent.
Russo-German Nonaggression Pact
a pact between USSR and Germany that said Germany can invade Poland and the USSR had to go along with it.
"cash and carry"
Europeans had to provide their own ships and pay for the arms in cash even though the European powers need American supplies, the Neutrality Acts forbade Americans to sale arms to a nation in war so "cash and carry" was created.
America First Committee
It was a group that believed in being isolated from the war.
Lend-Lease Act
The Lend-Lease Act allowed America to sell, lend, or lease arms to any nation considered as a defense to the U.S. But after the war is over, they would have to return the weapons.
Atlantic Charter
This was the result of the Atlantic Charter between FDR and Churchill and suggested Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.
Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions
The London Conference
Know: London Economic Conference
1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?
- The conference accomplished nothing and strengthened American isolationism.
Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians
Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act
2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines?
- It freed them from liability and sinking and hiding behind isolationism.
Becoming a Good Neighbor
Know: Good Neighbor Policy
3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain.
- yes, the US completely separated themselves from Latin America and only intervened when Mexican forces seized Yankee oil properties .
Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements
Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain.
- Yes because they stimulated trade which resulted in a boom in international trade. Hull's logic behind the act was that a nation can sell abroad only as it buys abroad.
Storm-Cellar Isolationism
Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism
5. What were the reasons for American isolationism?
- There were three dictators during this time, Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler. America was also still recovering from the Great Depression From WWI and the Johnson Debt Default Act forbade countries owing US money to borrow money from the US.
Congress Legislates Neutrality
Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts
6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war?
- There were a bunch of restrictions that would automatically go into effect if the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war.
America Dooms Loyalist Spain
Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War
7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII?
- The US put an embargo on all the loyalists government
Appeasing Japan and Germany
Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement
8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat?
- In 1937, Japan attaced China at the Marco Polo Bridge which led to FDR giving his Quarantine Speech. In December 1937, Japan bombed and sank the American gunboat the Panay. In Germany, Hitler marched into the demilitarized Rhineland, forbidden by the treaty following World War 1, and took it without ramifications from France or England.
Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry
9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe?
- They created the "cash and carry" basis to help the Europeans.
The Fall of France
Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill
10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France?
- Finally, FDR called for the nation to massively build up its armed forces.
Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust
Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress
11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's?
- because of the economic pressures, high unemployment, and strict quotas of immigrants coming and going.
Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940)
Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal
12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.
- interventionists established the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies and the isolationist created the America First Committee
FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940)
Know: Wendell Wilke
13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election.
- Democratic candidate was Wendell L. Wilkie and Republican candidate was FDR and FDR won shattering the two-term tradition.
Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law
Know: Lend-Lease
14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease?
- It was basically the abandonment of the neutrality policy
Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter
Know: Atlantic Charter
15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union?
- FDR and Winston Churchill met secretly on a warship to discuss and became known as the Atlantic Conference and from this conference was the Atlantic Charter.
U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash
16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war?
- The economy was stabilizing and people were receiving money and we were able to produce the ammunition which proved to the people the US was ready for war.
America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent
17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain.
- No. There were clues and signs all over that the US could not NOT enter the war. We had too many alliances that were at stake and worlds fighting worlds.
Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS
A. Philip Randolph
African american civil rights leader who founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Cart porters
George S. Patton
He is a US General who brought the us to victory during the Battle of the Bulge.
Albert Einstein
He was a German theoretical physicists who developed the general theory of relativity.
Office of Price Administration
Took care of food prices if they went too high.
Fair Employment Practice Commission
this was created to discourage racism and oppression in work places.
D-Day
June 6, 1944- When the Big Three (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin) decided to attack Normandy, France at the same time to free the French
V-E Day
May 8, 1945 was known as Victory in Europe Day when the Germans officially surrendered.
Manhattan Project
This was the code name in making the first Atomic Bomb during WWII
Braceros
Brought Mexican workers to American as resident workers during WWII.
Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions
The Allies Trade Space for Time
Know: Germany First
1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain.
- In WWII, FDR couldn't just attack Germany first, he had to defeat Japan in order to defeat Hitler.
The Shock of War
Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S.
2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home?
- They took the basic rights of all the Japanese people and put them in Internment Camps
Building the War Machine
Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board
3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor?
- everything was basically rationed to save the limited supplies. The food was rationed and workers promised not to have a labor strike during the war but some did anyways
Makers of America: The Japanese
Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei
4. In what way can it be said that the reason's for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble?
- Japanese immigrants were determined to have American born children called the Nissei. But during WWII, education and acculturation did not protect Nissei from the war but it did give them success in the postwar era
Manpower and Womanpower
Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter
5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war?
- They took the place of men in the jobs at workplaces. They also helped out during the war also fighting in the war.
Wartime Migrations
Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots
6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities?
- It help revitalize the south and start ending racism towards the blacks
Holding the Homefront
7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war?
- It help lift the American economy out of depression because it spent so much money during the war. It was almost $10 million per hour at one point.
The Rising Sun in the Pacific
Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March
8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor.
- The Japanese won more land with less losses than ever and conquered Guam, Wake, the Philippines, Hong Kong, British Malaya, Burma (in the process cutting the famed Burma Road), the Dutch East Indies, and even pushing into China.
Japan's High Tide at Midway
Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz
9. Why was Midway an important battle?
- when the Japanese tried to seize Midway Island, they were forced back by U.S. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz during fierce
fighting from June 3-6, 1942. Midway proved to be the turning point that stopped Japanese expansion.
American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo
Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam
10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese?
- They used the strategy of Island Hopping to get back Aleutian Islands.
The Allied Halting of Hitler
Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad
11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain.
- The Allies were having a chance to defeat Germany. They all worked together to defeat Hitler's men and were gaining the upper hand .
A Second Front from North Africa to Rome
Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily
12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa.
- Instead of a frontal European assault, the British devised an invasion through North Africa, so that the Allies could cut
Hitler’s forces through the “soft underbelly” of the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, a secret attack was coordinated and executed by Dwight D. Eisenhower as they defeated the French troops, but upon meeting the real German soldiers, Americans were set back at Kasserine Pass. This was not a successful event.
D-Day: June 6, 1944
Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton
13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war?
- It was THE turning day because the tides turned when the US stormed Normandy and took over the very hard to take over base of the Germans.
FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944
Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman
14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944?
- Harry S. Truman was the democratic vp candidate and they were trying to avoid isolationists like Henry Wallace.
Roosevelt Defeats Dewey
Know: Fala
15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey?
- The effectiveness of WWII and how well it was going.
The Last Days of Hitler
Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day
16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe.
- Hitler threw everything he had in the last battle, The Battle of the Bulge. He nearly succeeded but was stopped . They marched onto Rhineland and discovered that Hitler had attempted to a genocide .
Japan Dies Hard
Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes
17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section.
- US decide to drop the atomic bomb on the city Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Millions and millions of people dropped died within seconds of the Atomic bomb.
The Atomic Bombs
Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito
18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb?
- The bomb was first dropped on Hiroshima, the US hoping that the Japanese will surrender but they didn't so the US dropped another bomb on Nagasaki and eventually they surrendered only if Hirohito was allowed to stay on the throne.
The Allies Triumphant
Know: George Marshall
19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain
- The success was partly thanks to the excellent U.S. generals and admirals, and the leaders. Industry also rose to the challenge, putting out a phenomenal amount of goods, proving wrong Hermann Goering, a Nazi leader who had
scorned America’s lack of manufacturing skills.
Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified?
20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer?
- Why did the citizens of the US allow the government to drop the atomic bombs in Japan killing billions and whether or not the atomic bombs were necessary.